[프롤로그]
이 책은 2020년 펴낸 『인권 이야기』 단행본에 인권에 관한 이론과 최근의 시대 상황을 더 반영한 것이다. 인류 역사는 인권의 진화 과정이다. 또한 사회에 편재(遍在)한 각종 계층조직(hierarchy)이 인권을 탄압하고 은폐한 역사로 볼 수 있다.
계층조직의 전형은 베버(M.Weber)가 관료제의 원형(原型, prototype)으로 삼은 군대조직이다. 관료제(bureaucracy)는 당초 ‘일의 효율적 처리’를 위해 고안된 것이지만, 일의 효율적 처리를 위해서는 그 과정에 다양한 부작용이 발생한다. 그 가운데 하나
가 구성원의 인권 경시다.
인권 문제는 1948년 유엔의 세계인권선언 이후 경제권과 사회권 그리고 남녀평등과 아동 노동의 문제까지 아우르는 여러 사회적 담론들로 다기화(多岐化), 추상화되었다. 이처럼 다기화, 추상화된 인권 이슈들은 신체의 자유, 사상의 자유, 신분 제도와 같은 ‘정통적 인권 문제’에 대한 관심을 상대적으로 소홀히 하도록 만들었다. 이 책을 펴내게 된 이유 가운데 하나다.
근대적 의미의 ‘인권’을 말할 때 논자들 가운데는 1948년 유엔에서 채택된 ‘세계인권선언(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)’에서 시작하는 사람들이 적지 않다. 그러나 인권 문제의 뿌리는 1215년 영국의 대헌장(Magna Carta)까지 거슬러 올라간다. 그리고 1789년의 프랑스 대혁명과 동년 8월 26일 공표된 「프랑스 인권선언」도 인류 역사에서 인권 신장에 큰 획을 그었다.
‘인간의 권리’를 의미하는 인권(人權, human right)을 논할 때는, 인간의 본질적 속성을 어떻게 볼 것인가 하는 ‘인간의 범위’부터 따져보아야 한다. 노예로 붙잡혀 간 고대 패전국가의 국민과 노예 제도로 거래된 사람들 그리고 근대의 식민지 국민은 인권 논의에서 제외되었다. 여성들도 선거권을 획득하게 된 20세기 초반까지 온전한 사람 취급을 받지 못했다. 18세 또는 20세 이상의 남녀 국민 모두에게 선거권이 부여되는 보통선거(Universal suffrage) 제도는, 미국에서는 1920년에 그리고 영국에서는 1928년에 이르러 시행되었다.
인권은 역사적으로 볼 때 주로 국가의 공권력 행사기관에 의해 침해됐다. 오늘날의 여러 국가에서까지 흔하게 볼 수 있는 ‘고문’이 그 전형적인 예에 속한다. 인권은 그 밖에도 신분 제도, 노예 제도 등과 같은 사회적 제도에 의해 지난 수천 년간 침해됐다. 신라 시대의 골품 제도, 고려와 조선 시대의 양천제(良賤制)와 반상제(班常制), 그리고 인도의 카스트 제도 등 신분 제도는 선사시대부터 존속됐다.
인류 역사는, 다른 말로 하면, 국가 폭력에 의한 인권 침해의 역사 그 자체라고 할 수 있다. 역사상 얼마나 많은 인명이 국가 보위와 사회 안정의 이름 아래 희생되었으며, 인신(人身)이 구속되고 사상과 언론의 자유를 억압받아 왔는가?
인간 사회의 신분 제도와 노예 제도는 참정권 운동이 활발해지면서 사라지게 되었다. 오늘날 사람을 대상으로 한 소유와 매매는 국제조약과 법률에 따라 금지되고 있다. 그러나 오늘날까지도 세계 각처에서는 성(性)과 노동력을 착취하는 인신매매가 근절되지 않고 있는바, 이는 현대의 변형된 노예 제도로 볼 수 있다.
근년 들어 한국 등 여러 사회에서 다발적으로 불거지고 있는 나도(Me Too) 운동은 모두 인권 침해에 대한 고발로 이해할 수 있다. 가진 자(haves)의 갑질 행태에 대한 반발로 나타나는 인권 문제의 근본 원인은 권력, 부, 권위와 같은 ‘사회적 가치’의 불평등한 분포 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 볼 때 인권 문제는 ‘부당한 불평등의 시정’이라는 균형 잡힌 관점에서 추구되어야 할 것이다.
이 책의 제1편에서는 ‘인권 개념의 진화 과정’을 살펴보고자 한다. 제2편에서는 인권의 사회학적·철학적 이해를 고찰하고 제3편에서는 인권을 침해하는 다양한 사회적 장치들을 살펴보고자 한다. 그리고 마지막 제4편에서는 인권 수준의 제고를 위한 구체적 정책 과제들을 고찰하고자 한다.
2021년 6월
공저자 일동
[차례]
제1편 인권의 개념과 진화 과정 ·························································· 9
제1장 인권의 개념과 진화 과정 ································································ 11
1. 인권의 개념 ··········································································· 12
2. 대헌장의 탄생 ········································································ 18
3. 프랑스 대혁명과 인권선언 ··························································· 25
4. 1948년 유엔의 세계인권선언 ······················································· 33
제2장 한국 사회에서의 인권 운동의 전개 과정 ··············································· 42
1. 한국에서의 인권 이슈의 흐름 ························································ 43
2. 국제앰네스티의 활약 ································································· 46
3. 한국의 국가인권위원회 설치 ························································ 51
4. 유엔의 세계인권선언, 국제앰네스티 및 국가인권위원회 활동의 한계와 기여···· 55
제3장 한국 사회에서 다양하게 확산되는 인권 이슈 ·········································· 60
1. 갑질 행태와 나도(Me Too) 고발 ···················································· 61
2. 아동 보호와 학생 인권조례 제정 ···················································· 70
3. ‘위험의 외주화’ 방지법과 인권 ······················································ 81
4. 인권 문제의 확산과 전통적 인권 문제의 간극 ······································ 87
제2편 인권의 사회철학적 이해 ························································· 93
제4장 인권과 고전 사회이론 ··································································· 95
1. 콩트의 사회철학과 인권 ····························································· 97
2. 스펜서의 사회철학과 인권 ··························································· 98
3. 뒤르껭의 사회철학과 인권 ························································· 100
제5장 마르크스의 사회철학과 인권 ·························································· 101
1. 마르크스의 사회철학 ······························································· 102
2. 마르크스의 인권 ···································································· 105
제6장 베버의 사회철학과 인권 ······························································· 107
1. 베버의 사회철학 ···································································· 108
2. 베버의 인권 ········································································· 108
제7장 인권의 역동적 이해를 위한 현대 사회철학 ··········································· 110
1. 구조기능주의 ······································································· 111
2. 갈등주의 ············································································ 112
3. 상징적 상호작용론 ································································· 112
제8장 인권 이슈의 철학적 이해 ······························································ 115
1. 인권을 보는 기본 시각 ····························································· 116
2. 인간으로서 인권을 가질 권리에 관한 논의 ······································· 116
3. 프랑스 인권선언의 철학적 의미 ··················································· 120
제9장 인권과 행복 ············································································ 126
1. 행복지수의 의미 ···································································· 127
2. 행복과 인권의 관계 ································································· 128
제3편 인권은 누구에 의해 침해받는가 · ············································ 133
제10장 국가공권력과 인권 ··································································· 135
1. 국가공권력의 의미 ································································· 136
2. 국가공권력에 의한 인권 침해 ······················································ 138
3. 국가 안보를 빙자한 인권 탄압 사례 ··············································· 141
4. 공권력과 인권 보호 ································································· 143
제11장 인권을 침해하는 여러 사회 제도들 ················································· 163
1. 종교 권력과 인권 · ·································································· 164
2. 노예 제도와 인권 · ·································································· 171
3. 인종차별과 인권 ···································································· 174
4. 계급 제도와 인권 · ·································································· 182
5. 근로자 인권 ········································································· 184
6. 그밖에 인권을 침해하는 사회적 장치들 ··········································· 191
7. 인류의 역사는 국가공권력에 의한 ‘인권 탄압의 역사’다 · ······················· 215
제12장 국제적 인권 문제 ····································································· 217
1. 외국인과 이주민의 인권 ··························································· 218
2. 인권선진국 미국의 인권 침해 사례 ················································ 220
3. 북한의 인권 ········································································· 221
제4편 인권 수준의 제고를 위해 무엇을 어떻게 하여야 할 것인가? ······· 225
제13장 인권 수준 제고를 위한 정책 과제 · ·················································· 227
1. 사회 전반의 인권감수성 제고 ······················································ 228
2. 인권행정의 확대·강화 ······························································ 231
3. 경찰청 등 공권력 행사 기관의 인권 제도화 노력 ································· 235
참고 문헌 ······················································································ 247
부록 ··························································································· 259
세계인권선언 ··········································································· 260
경제적, 사회적 및 문화적 권리에 관한 국제규약 ···································· 265
시민적 및 정치적 권리에 관한 국제규약 ············································· 273
찾아보기 ····················································································· 289
[저자 소개]
이종수
■ 서울대학교에서 학사, 석사, 박사
■ 한국행정학회 회장 역임
■ 저서: 인권이야기(공저), 대한민국은 공정한가?, 새행정윤리론, 새행정학(공저) 외
채원호
■ 연세대학교에서 석사, 서울대학교에서 석사, 박사 및 동경대학교에서 석사 및 박사
■ 가톨릭대학교 법정경학부 교수 재직 중
■ 저서: 한국정부론(공저), 한국지방자치의 이해(공저), 경제자유구역(공저) 외
김영재
■ 단국대학교에서 학사, 석사, 박사
■ 단국대학교 행정학과 초빙교수 재직 중
■ 저서: 인권이야기(공저), 정책사례연구(공저), 한국의 사회문제 외